PISTA BLOG#25 (Nov 2023): "NAVIGATING THE ENERGY WORLD": A JOURNEY THROUGH THE HISTORY, EXTRACTION, USE & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL.

 

"NAVIGATING THE ENERGY WORLD: A JOURNEY THROUGH THE HISTORY, EXTRACTION, USE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL"

                    Oil, a liquid concoction of organic molecules, holds a pivotal role in the global energy sector. Specifically, crude oil emerges as the primary fossil fuel extracted from the Earth, constituting a substantial portion of the world's primary energy sources. This hydrocarbon, rich in carbon and hydrogen atoms, boasts a diverse chemical composition influenced by geological factors. This article delves into the historical significance of oil, its extraction processes, versatile applications, and the environmental implications that have spurred a call for a dynamic, sustainable future.

BRIEF MODERN HISTORY

Throughout history, oil has been more than just a fuel source; it served as a waterproofing agent and found applications in medicinal practices. The turning point came on August 27, 1859, when Edwin Drake pumped oil from the ground in Pennsylvania (America), marking the beginning of a new era. Initially utilized for lamp fuel, oil's role expanded over time to power vehicles and generate electricity.

COMMON METHODS OF EXTRACTION

Oil extraction involves navigating both conventional and unconventional sources. Conventional oil rests in reservoirs within porous rock, while unconventional sources, like shale oil, require advanced techniques such as hydraulic fracturing. Drilling wells, whether vertical, directional, or horizontal, facilitates access to these reservoirs. Advanced drilling techniques enhance oil flow, making extraction more efficient. Subsequently, the extracted oil undergoes refining processes like distillation or hydrocarbon cracking to yield various products and fuels. Various methods of extraction are employed depending on geological conditions, the location of reserves, and advancements in technology.

The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) and the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) play crucial roles in overseeing and regulating these extraction activities in India .Some common methods include both Conventional Drilling like Onshore and Offshore Drilling especially from the significant reserves both inland and offshore (in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.)

Unconventional Extraction: Shale Gas Extraction, Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Extraction, Gas Hydrate Extraction. India has been researching the extraction of natural gas hydrates, which are crystalline compounds of gas and water found in certain sedimentary deposits. The extraction process involves depressurizing and/or heating the hydrates to release the gas.

India continuously adopts new technologies to enhance exploration and extraction efficiency. Advanced seismic surveys, well logging, and reservoir management technologies are commonly used.

GENERIC USE OF OIL

Oil's applications are multifaceted, with transportation being a dominant sector. Its refined forms contribute to transportation fuels, fertilizers, heating, plastics, solvents, and electrical generation. India, for instance, predominantly employs oil for transportation, with Petrol and Diesel accounting for two-thirds of its total oil consumption. The high energy density of crude oil, makes it a preferred fuel source. The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) is the regulatory body that governs the hydrocarbon industry. The DGH operates under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and plays a crucial role in regulating and promoting the exploration and production of oil and natural gas.

The DGH is responsible for formulating policies, promoting exploration activities, overseeing production operations, and ensuring that the hydrocarbon resources are utilized efficiently. It works closely with other stakeholders in the industry, including exploration and production companies, to facilitate the sustainable development of hydrocarbon resources in India.

The estimated crude oil reserves in India was at 587.335 Mt,( data:2021). The largest reserves are found in the Western Offshore (37%) and Assam (27%). The estimated reserve of natural gas in India as of 1 April 2021 was 1,372.62 BCM. The largest reserves of natural gas are located in the Eastern Offshore (40.6%) and the Western Offshore (23.7%).As of current year 2023 these reserves have gradually and steadily increased.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Despite its indispensability, the environmental toll of oil production and consumption is evident. Combustion of crude oil and its derivatives releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants, contributing to climate change. The entire oil lifecycle, from extraction to transportation and refining, brings forth its set of environmental challenges. Harmful emissions, including NOx and carbon monoxide, contribute to air pollution and climate warming. Beyond atmospheric concerns, land degradation during extraction and the constant threat of oil spills pose risks to ecological systems.

A DYNAMIC WAY FORWARD

Acknowledging the environmental impacts, there is a growing push towards a sustainable future. The need for cleaner energy alternatives, reduced dependence on traditional oil, and innovations in extraction technologies are steering the course toward a more environmentally friendly energy landscape.

In conclusion, oil's journey encompasses a rich history, intricate extraction processes, diverse applications, and undeniable environmental challenges. Navigating this liquid path requires a dynamic approach that combines innovation, sustainability, and a collective commitment to mitigate the impact of oil on our planet.